José Monteiro's <i>Vera, et unica praxis</i>: A seventeenth-century Jesuit primer for the learningof Mandarin Chinese and a later version

Abstract A manuscript written by the Portuguese Jesuit José Monteiro (1646–1720) and a later one by his French confrère Jean-François Foucquet (1665–1741) shed new light on the didactic materials used in the China mission during the initial stage of learning Chinese Mandarin as a second language. These manuscripts, which are written in Portuguese and romanised Mandarin, are the only surviving copies we know of, although others have existed. This paper argues that the two documents prove the existence of an earlier common model, even though they were written independently. This model lost to history circulated at least in the Fujian Province from the late 17th century onwards. It was partly the result of the compilation of several earlier materials produced since the beginning of the China mission, which had the same purpose of training new learners in the Chinese language. José Monteiro’s document further reveals his intention to systematise the original version and disseminate his manual more widely throughout the mission, probably by printing it.