Hierarchical ADP Operation Strategy of Distributed Energy Storage for Demand Management and Frequency Response Service

A hierarchical approximate dynamic programming (ADP) strategy is presented to determine intra-day operations of distributed energy storage cluster for demand management and frequency response service. According to the principle of decomposition coordination, the intra-day operation problem is divided into cluster scheduling layer, subcluster control layer and terminal response layer, wherein a flexible allocation mechanism of primary frequency response (PFR) reserve is devised. The hybrid lookahead, myopic allocation and automatic control methods are adopted to achieve global coordination of cluster, local control of subcluster and automatic response of terminal. The results show that the proposed strategy can ensure the economic benefit and PFR service within a short computing time. Moreover, the flexible allocation mechanism can increase resource utilization and operational precision.