FOOL: Addressing the Downlink Bottleneck in Satellite Computing With Neural Feature Compression

Nanosatellite constellations equipped with sensors capturing large geographic regions provide unprecedented opportunities for Earth observation. As constellation sizes increase, network contention poses a downlink bottleneck. Orbital Edge Computing (OEC) leverages limited onboard compute resources to reduce transfer costs by processing the raw captures at the source. However, current solutions have limited practicability due to reliance on crude filtering methods or over-prioritizing particular downstream tasks. This work presents an OEC-native and task-agnostic feature compression method that preserves prediction performance and partitions high-resolution satellite imagery to maximize throughput. Further, it embeds context and leverages inter-tile dependencies to lower transfer costs with negligible overhead. While the encoding prioritizes features for downstream tasks, we can reliably recover images with competitive scores on quality measures at lower bitrates. We extensively evaluate transfer cost reduction by including the peculiarity of intermittently available network connections in low earth orbit. Finally, we test the feasibility of our system for standardized nanosatellite form factors. We demonstrate that the proposed approach permits downlinking over 100× the data volume without relying on prior information on the downstream tasks.