Geographical distribution of two acoustic fin whale ( <i>Balaenoptera physalus</i> ) populations across the Weddell Sea

Understanding and identifying population-specific acoustic features is crucial to passive acoustic monitoring-based remote sensing of population distributions. Fin whales are known to produce 20-Hz pulses, often accompanied by a simultaneous higher frequency (HF) component. The centre frequency of this component has been found to differ regionally, presumably representing a population-specific acoustic characteristic. Within the Southern Ocean, five distinct HF components have been identified so far, two of which are present in the Atlantic Sector of the Southern Ocean (ASSO) with peak frequencies around 86 and 99 Hz. This study investigates the extent to which these HF components indicate distinct acoustic fin whale populations and their spatial distribution across the ASSO. By automatically analysing passive acoustic data from 2013, across 10 recording positions, our data show that while the 99-Hz component was detected at seven recording positions throughout the ASSO, the 86-Hz HF component is only present in its western area, centred around the Western Antarctic Peninsula. Additional 2019 data from the Western Antarctic Peninsula confirmed the consistent presence of the 86-Hz component, suggesting that these components are robust indicators of distinct acoustic populations. Knowledge on population-specific key habitats is key to strategic and effective conservation efforts.