A state-of-the-art analysis of base isolation systems and future directions for developing a novel multi-directional smart-hybrid isolation system integrated with earthquake early warning system for building structures

• Limitations and challenges of base isolation systems under earthquakes are analyzed. • Strategic suggestions for enhancing seismic resilience and adaptability of buildings. • Addressing research gaps in current literature is presented. • The importance of EEWS in pre-activating base isolation systems is highlighted. • A novel base isolation system integrated with EEWS is proposed. Base isolation systems are designed to enhance the seismic resilience and performance of structures. However, these systems face limitations and challenges in effectively protecting buildings under various seismic conditions. While prior studies have examined various base isolation methods for seismic protection of multiple structures, there remains a lack of in-depth analysis of their advantages and challenges and the integration of earthquake early warning system (EEWS) for pre-activating different isolation techniques. To address this gap, this study presents a comprehensive state-of-the-art analysis of base isolation systems, assessing their benefits and limitations under various seismic scenarios. The analysis is conducted on passive, semi-active, active, and EEW-activated isolation systems, along with their key components, including bearings, dampers, and actuators. The study also identifies critical research gaps and proposes directions for future research. The findings suggest that developing a multi-directional base isolation system that combines hybrid bearings with controllable fluid viscous dampers or piezoelectric actuators as supplement damping devices, alongside EEWS for pre-activation, could offer a promising solution to the limitations of traditional isolation systems. Such advancements can pave the way for more robust, cost-effective, and adaptable base isolation strategies, especially for high-risk seismic areas and critical structures.