Impact of kiln capacity on environment friendly biochar yield and biochar characteristics from rubberwood scrap using a modified cross draft biomass gasifier and burner as heat source

The study examines the impact of kiln capacity on environmentally friendly biochar yield and characteristics from rubberwood scrap using an MCGB as the heat source. A 600-liter finned-wall kiln was tested at 50%, 75%, and 100% capacity. The MCGB maintained 550°C for pyrolysis, with an equivalence ratio of 0.3–0.6 (gasification) and 0.7–0.9 (combustion), a peak temperature of 1,204°C. The biochar yield was 26–27%, while wood vinegar yield ranged from 38.1–42.5%. The kiln reduced pyrolysis time by 55% compared to conventional klin, with GHG emissions of 0.16-0.21 kg CO 2 e/kg-biochar. The biochar met cooking and deodorization standards, highlighting the MCGB’s efficiency and sustainability.