Do Civil Society Organizations Promote Democracy? The Case of the Ultra-Orthodox in Israel

Abstract This study examines the role of new ultra-Orthodox civil society organizations in Israel, focusing on their impact on democratization and liberalization within ultra-Orthodox society. Through 40 semi-structured, in-depth interviews with leaders of these organizations, the research reveals two main voices: a dominant conservative voice and a minority civic-democratic voice. Contrary to prevailing theories linking the growth of civil society with democratization, this study finds that ultra-Orthodox civil society organizations primarily aim to preserve and fortify their community's boundaries rather than promote integration or liberal values. These organizations, while providing services in areas such as education, employment, and military service, primarily seek to maintain ultra-Orthodox identity and religious observance in the face of increased exposure to secular Israeli society. The findings contribute to the theoretical discourse on civil society and democracy, challenging assumptions about their relationship, particularly in religious contexts. The study suggests that ultra-Orthodox civil society can be characterized as illiberal, using civic engagement tools to reinforce conservative religious values rather than promote liberal democratic principles. This research adds nuance to our understanding of civil society's role in religious communities and its complex relationship with processes of democratization and liberalization.