CRISPR-Cas9 Applications in Horticultural Crop Improvement

The CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing technology has revolutionized plant breeding by enabling precise, efficient, and targeted modifications of plant genomes. In horticultural crops, CRISPR-Cas9 has been widely utilized to enhance traits such as disease resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, improved fruit quality, extended shelf life, and enhanced nutritional value. The ability to precisely edit genes of interest has provided plant breeders with a powerful tool to accelerate crop improvement, reduce reliance on chemical inputs, and enhance sustainability. Advances in CRISPR-based editing techniques, including base editing and prime editing, have further expanded its applications, offering greater precision and efficiency in modifying complex traits. Despite its transformative potential, the adoption of CRISPR-Cas9 in horticulture faces several challenges, including regulatory barriers, ethical concerns, and limitations in gene delivery methods. Additionally, public perception and consumer acceptance of genome-edited crops remain key factors influencing its widespread implementation. This review provides an in-depth analysis of CRISPR-Cas9 applications in horticultural crop improvement, discussing recent breakthroughs, associated challenges, and future directions. Special emphasis is placed on its role in enhancing plant immunity, increasing abiotic stress resilience, and improving post-harvest characteristics. Future research should focus on optimizing genome-editing techniques, addressing regulatory constraints, and integrating CRISPR with other biotechnological advancements to maximize its impact on global horticulture.