Corruption - A Common Social Phenomenon in the Orient from the Political Culture Perspective

The Orient, encompassing a diverse array of regions and linguistic families across Asia, Oceania, and portions of Africa, manifests a distinctive sense of collective identity. This study, grounded in Marxist-Leninist theoretical frameworks, employs historical and logical analytical approaches to investigate the phenomenon of corruption within these regions, examining its evolution from ancient times to contemporary society. The conventional political culture of the Orient, shaped by geographical determinants, demographic attributes, and notably religious and belief systems, fosters a deep-seated reverence for authority and a delineated social hierarchy. Notable features include the emergence of personality cults, paternalistic governance, nepotism, and relationships characterized by patronage and clientelism. The influence of religion has often been appropriated to reinforce loyalty to the ruling elite. This cultural paradigm substantially contributes to the pervasive incidence of corruption within the Orient. It is evident across a multitude of sectors, involves a wide array of stakeholders, and permeates all levels of governance. The challenges of nepotism, factionalism, and the emphasis on personal connections—such as those rooted in ethnicity, familial ties, and regional affiliations—further exacerbate the issue. A coprehensive understanding of these entrenched cultural dimensions is essential for effectively addressing corruption in these regions.