Early warning system for riverbank soil landslides and infrastructure protection

Abstract Rising infrastructure density and transportation networks along the riverbank landslide alter critical stress and horizontal displacement in riverbank soils, contributing to erosion. Early warning systems can detect structural changes in soil to help mitigate damage. However, there is still a lack of studies evaluating horizontal pressure in landslide masses under the influence of load and horizontal displacement causing erosion or externally induced stress. This study presents a monitoring system based on wireless transmission technology combined with sensors embedded in the soil to track the displacement of the soil mass along the riverbank. The system uses tilt, soil moisture, and earth pressure sensors to collect real-time data on the mechanical properties of the soil. Experimental results show that a load of 17.5 kPa can destabilize the slope, with tilt angles increasing significantly as soil mass shifts toward the canal. The maximum recorded horizontal soil pressure is 2.77 kPa. The analysis reveals significant discrepancies between analytical methods and finite element method (FEM) in predicting soil behavior under loads, highlighting the superior accuracy of FEM, especially at higher loads. This research contributes to developing a reliable information system for managing landslide risks as well as externally induced stress, protecting people and infrastructure.