Challenges in Designing Electrochemical Disinfection Systems for Reducing Microbial Contamination in Drinking Water Distribution Networks

Electrochemical disinfection systems are gaining attention as potential solutions for reducing microbial contamination in drinking water distribution networks. While numerous recent studies suggest that these systems are easy to implement, real-world application reveals significant challenges. Many published works suffer from fundamental flaws, including inappropriate material selection, unrealistic operating conditions, and non-compliance with regulatory standards. This review critically examines studies published over the past 24 months, highlighting key issues that limit practical applicability. It discusses common pitfalls, such as the use of unstable or toxic electrode materials and the failure to provide residual disinfectant effects. Additionally, the review outlines essential characteristics for effective electrochemical disinfection systems, emphasizing compliance with health regulations, scalability to real-world conditions, and long-term operational stability. By identifying these gaps, this review article aims to guide future research toward more viable, safe, and sustainable electrochemical disinfection solutions for drinking water treatment.