A Spectroscopic Analysis of the Ionizing Photon Production Efficiency in JADES and CEERS: Implications for the Ionizing Photon Budget

Abstract We have used a combined sample of JADES and CEERS objects in order to constrain ionizing photon production efficiency ( ξ ion ) from JWST/NIRSpec and JWST/NIRCam data. We examine 163 objects at 1.06 &lt; z &lt; 6.71 with significant (3 σ ) spectroscopic detections of H α and H β in order to constrain intrinsic H α luminosities corrected from nebular dust attenuation via Balmer decrements. We constrain dust-corrected UV luminosities from best-fit spectral energy distribution modeling. We find a sample median <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">log</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>ξ</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">ion,0</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">erg</mml:mi> <mml:mspace width="0.25em"/> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Hz</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>25.2</mml:mn> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>9</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.37</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.29</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> , assuming f esc = 0 for the escape fraction of Lyman continuum (LyC) emission. We find significant (Spearman r s = 0.19, p = 0.01) correlation between ξ ion,0 and z , with objects at z &gt; 4.64 having median <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">log</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>ξ</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">ion,0</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">erg</mml:mi> <mml:mspace width="0.25em"/> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Hz</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>25.3</mml:mn> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>8</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.38</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.38</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> , with those below having <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">log</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>ξ</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">ion,0</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">erg</mml:mi> <mml:mspace width="0.25em"/> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Hz</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>25.2</mml:mn> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>4</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.33</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.30</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> . We also find significant, positive correlations between ξ ion,0 and L UV ; W λ ([O iii ]); [O iii ] λ 5007/[O ii ] λλ 3726, 3729; and inverse correlations with metallicity. In contrast with some previous results, we find no trends between ξ ion,0 and stellar mass, stellar dust attenuation, or UV slope. Applying a multivariate fit to ξ ion,0 , z , and M UV to an empirically motivated model of reionization, and folding in f esc estimates from direct observations of the LyC at z ∼ 3 from the Keck Lyman Continuum Spectroscopic Survey, we find that the number of ionizing photons entering the IGM causes reionization to end at z ∼ 5–7.

Authors

Institutions

Publication Details

Journal
The Astrophysical Journal
Published
2025-03-04
DOI
https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/adb1ab
Citations
20
Primary Topic
Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
23.10

Funders

Controls
|||
ALL TIME
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
OCT
article

A Spectroscopic Analysis of the Ionizing Photon Production Efficiency in JADES and CEERS: Implications for the Ionizing Photon Budget

Michael W. Topping, L. Clarke, Naveen A. Reddy, Alice E. Shapley et al.
20 citations
The Astrophysical Journal
Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
23.10
article

A Spectroscopic Analysis of the Ionizing Photon Production Efficiency in JADES and CEERS: Implications for the Ionizing Photon Budget

Michael W. Topping, L. Clarke, Naveen A. Reddy, Alice E. Shapley, Gabriel Brammer, Anthony J. Pahl, Ryan L. Sanders, Trinity Bento, Emily Kehoe
article en
20 citations

Abstract

Abstract We have used a combined sample of JADES and CEERS objects in order to constrain ionizing photon production efficiency ( ξ ion ) from JWST/NIRSpec and JWST/NIRCam data. We examine 163 objects at 1.06 &lt; z &lt; 6.71 with significant (3 σ ) spectroscopic detections of H α and H β in order to constrain intrinsic H α luminosities corrected from nebular dust attenuation via Balmer decrements. We constrain dust-corrected UV luminosities from best-fit spectral energy distribution modeling. We find a sample median <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">log</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>ξ</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">ion,0</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">erg</mml:mi> <mml:mspace width="0.25em"/> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Hz</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>25.2</mml:mn> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>9</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.37</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.29</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> , assuming f esc = 0 for the escape fraction of Lyman continuum (LyC) emission. We find significant (Spearman r s = 0.19, p = 0.01) correlation between ξ ion,0 and z , with objects at z &gt; 4.64 having median <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">log</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>ξ</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">ion,0</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">erg</mml:mi> <mml:mspace width="0.25em"/> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Hz</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>25.3</mml:mn> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>8</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.38</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.38</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> , with those below having <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">log</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>ξ</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">ion,0</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">erg</mml:mi> <mml:mspace width="0.25em"/> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Hz</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>25.2</mml:mn> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>4</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.33</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.30</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> . We also find significant, positive correlations between ξ ion,0 and L UV ; W λ ([O iii ]); [O iii ] λ 5007/[O ii ] λλ 3726, 3729; and inverse correlations with metallicity. In contrast with some previous results, we find no trends between ξ ion,0 and stellar mass, stellar dust attenuation, or UV slope. Applying a multivariate fit to ξ ion,0 , z , and M UV to an empirically motivated model of reionization, and folding in f esc estimates from direct observations of the LyC at z ∼ 3 from the Keck Lyman Continuum Spectroscopic Survey, we find that the number of ionizing photons entering the IGM causes reionization to end at z ∼ 5–7.

The Astrophysical JournalVol. 981(2)
Damien Foundation (BD)
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Space Telescope Science Institute
Affordable and clean energy
Openalex Percentile: Top 0%
Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
23.10
AI Navigator

Ask Laika to Summarize, Analyze, and Connect papers live on the map.

Summarize Papers & Methodologies

Extract key findings, datasets, and comparative methods across publications.

Benchmark Rankings & Visual Analytics

Rank top research institutions, authors, funders, topics, and journals by Field-Weighted Citation Impact (FWCI) and paper volume with instant charts.

Connect Distant Disciplines

Bridge topological clusters on the map to find hidden collaborative intersections.