A Spectroscopic Analysis of the Ionizing Photon Production Efficiency in JADES and CEERS: Implications for the Ionizing Photon Budget
Abstract We have used a combined sample of JADES and CEERS objects in order to constrain ionizing photon production efficiency ( ξ ion ) from JWST/NIRSpec and JWST/NIRCam data. We examine 163 objects at 1.06 < z < 6.71 with significant (3 σ ) spectroscopic detections of H α and H β in order to constrain intrinsic H α luminosities corrected from nebular dust attenuation via Balmer decrements. We constrain dust-corrected UV luminosities from best-fit spectral energy distribution modeling. We find a sample median <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">log</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>ξ</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">ion,0</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">erg</mml:mi> <mml:mspace width="0.25em"/> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Hz</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>25.2</mml:mn> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>9</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.37</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.29</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> , assuming f esc = 0 for the escape fraction of Lyman continuum (LyC) emission. We find significant (Spearman r s = 0.19, p = 0.01) correlation between ξ ion,0 and z , with objects at z > 4.64 having median <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">log</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>ξ</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">ion,0</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">erg</mml:mi> <mml:mspace width="0.25em"/> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Hz</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>25.3</mml:mn> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>8</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.38</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.38</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> , with those below having <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">log</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>ξ</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">ion,0</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">erg</mml:mi> <mml:mspace width="0.25em"/> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Hz</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>25.2</mml:mn> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>4</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.33</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.30</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> . We also find significant, positive correlations between ξ ion,0 and L UV ; W λ ([O iii ]); [O iii ] λ 5007/[O ii ] λλ 3726, 3729; and inverse correlations with metallicity. In contrast with some previous results, we find no trends between ξ ion,0 and stellar mass, stellar dust attenuation, or UV slope. Applying a multivariate fit to ξ ion,0 , z , and M UV to an empirically motivated model of reionization, and folding in f esc estimates from direct observations of the LyC at z ∼ 3 from the Keck Lyman Continuum Spectroscopic Survey, we find that the number of ionizing photons entering the IGM causes reionization to end at z ∼ 5–7.
Authors
- Michael W. Topping (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8426-1141)
- L. Clarke (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1249-6392)
- Naveen A. Reddy (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9687-4973)
- Alice E. Shapley (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3509-4855)
- Gabriel Brammer (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2680-005X)
- Anthony J. Pahl (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4464-4505)
- Ryan L. Sanders (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4792-9119)
- Trinity Bento
- Emily Kehoe
Institutions
- Damien Foundation (BD)
Publication Details
- Journal
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Published
- 2025-03-04
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/adb1ab
- Citations
- 20
- Primary Topic
- Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 23.10
Funders
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- Space Telescope Science Institute