Recent progress and challenges of self-healing batteries

With the exponential growth of portable electronic devices and wearable technologies, batteries are now required to deliver not only high energy density and extended cycling performance but also enhanced safety and exceptional durability. Inspired by self-repair mechanisms observed in natural systems, the self-healing strategy offers a promising solution for enabling batteries to resist external physical and chemical damage. In this review, we provide a detailed exploration of the application of self-healing materials in battery components, including electrodes, electrolytes, and encapsulation layers. We analyze the advantages and limitations of various self-healing mechanisms, highlighting their roles in optimizing battery performance. By presenting a comprehensive synthesis of existing research, we identify potential pathways for advancing the development of self-healing batteries, as well as the key challenges and opportunities within this field. Our aim is to promote the practical integration of self-healing batteries in smart and flexible electronic devices, paving the way for safer, more reliable, and longer-lasting energy storage systems.