Advances in understanding and managing diabetic kidney disease: An updated review

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) are common complications of diabetes. Proteinuria is an early indicator of glomerular basement membrane damage caused by diabetes, leading to diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Edema, hypoproteinemia, and proteinuria are common characteristics of DKD. Blood sugar and blood pressure control, along with early detection, are the primary strategies for preventing DKD and slowing its progression. This review examines and updates the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and prevention of DKD. Various keywords and phrases are used to search Google, EMBASE, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar for the most recent articles published from January 2023 to December 2024. Despite advancements in understanding DKD pathogenesis and the development of novel therapies, the disease remains highly prevalent with poor outcomes. The pathophysiology is still not fully understood, leading to gaps in prevention and treatment strategies. Therefore, this review aims to explore these gaps and propose potential new therapies and future research directions.