Overview of invasion and control management options of Cydalima perspectalis (Lepidoptera, Crambidae)

Box tree moth, Cydalima perspectalis, originally from East Asia, has invaded 40 countries in Europe and the Middle East, as well as two countries in North America. The exact pathway of invasion is uncertain, but it is believed to have reached Europe and the United States through multiple introductions by import of boxwood plants, followed by further spread due to biological characteristics of the species, climatic conditions and the wide distribution of the host plant. This review aims to provide an overview of the highly invasive C. perspectalis and identify perspectives for its effective control and management. Possible control methods include insecticides and environmentally friendly options such as entomopathogenic bacterial strains, fungi, nematodes, plant insecticides, and mating disruption. An integrated pest management is crucial for C. perspectalis control. Detection methods, prevention strategies, monitoring of pest and damage, assessing overwintering capacity, and developing effective control measures are key future perspectives. Through research, collaboration, and strategic interventions, it is possible to mitigate the impact of C. perspectalis and protect vulnerable ecosystems from the devastating consequences of this invasive pest.