Research Progress on Serum Sodium Concentration and Heart Failure Risk

Heart failure is one of the major chronic diseases worldwide, with increasing prevalence and healthcare burden. Hyponatremia is common among heart failure patients, with a prevalence ranging from 8% to 28%, and is associated with disease progression, as well as higher mortality and morbidity. The etiology is complex, involving neuroendocrine abnormalities, medication effects, and other factors. In both heart failure with preserved and reduced ejection fraction, hyponatremia is linked to higher mortality, though the mechanisms and impact differ. Treatment requires consideration of the type of hyponatremia, volume status, and severity of heart failure. Recently, vasopressin antagonists such as tolvaptan have shown promising therapeutic potential. This article reviews the relationship between serum sodium levels and heart failure risk, as well as treatment strategies, providing a reference for clinical practice.