Experimental Investigation on the Tensile Mechanical Behavior of Layered Shale Using Direct and Indirect Test Methods

An accurate understanding of the tensile mechanical behavior of shale rock is essential for optimizing shale gas drilling and hydraulic fracturing operations. However, the mechanical behavior of shale is significantly influenced by its anisotropy. Therefore, this study investigated the tensile mechanical behavior of layered shale by combining acoustic emission (AE) monitoring with two testing methods: the Brazilian splitting test (BST) and a novel direct tensile test (DTT). The impact of anisotropy on the tensile mechanical behavior and failure modes of layered shale under different test methods was evaluated. Additionally, seven anisotropic tensile strength criteria were compared and validated using the experimental results. The results show that: (1) As the loading angle (β) increased, the tensile strength measured by both BST and DTT increased. Both methods exhibited maximum tensile strength at β = 90° and minimum tensile strength at β = 0°. The anisotropy ratios for BST and DTT were 1.52 and 2.36, respectively, indicating the significant influence of the loading angle on tensile strength. (2) The AE results indicated that both DTT and BST specimens exhibited brittle failure characteristics. However, the DTT specimens demonstrated more pronounced progressive failure behavior, with failure modes categorized into four types: tensile failure across the bedding plane, shear failure along the bedding plane, and two types of tensile–shear mixed failure. In contrast, the BST specimens primarily exhibited tensile–shear mixed failure, except for tensile failure along the bedding plane at β = 0° and tensile failure across the bedding plane at β = 90°. (3) Neither of the two test methods could fully eliminate the influence of anisotropy, but three anisotropic tensile criteria, the Lee–Pietruszczak criterion, the critical plane approach criterion, and the anisotropic mode I fracture toughness criterion based on the stress–strain transformation rule demonstrated high accuracy in predicting tensile strength. Furthermore, in alignment with previous studies, the indirect tensile strength of various rock types was found to range between one and three times the direct tensile strength, and a linear correlation between the two variables was established, with a coefficient of approximately 1.11.