Gastro Esophageal Reflux Disease

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) is a common and chronic condition characterized by the backflow of stomach contents into the esophagus, leading to symptoms such as heartburn, regurgitation, and chest pain. It is a multifactorial disorder, with risk factors including obesity, smoking, and certain lifestyle habits, as well as anatomical and physiological factors such as lower esophageal sphincter dysfunction and hiatal hernia. GERD can significantly impact quality of life and, if left untreated, may lead to serious complications such as esophagitis, strictures, and even esophageal cancer. This review article provides an overview of the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic approaches, and management strategies for GERD. A focus is placed on the role of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) in treatment, alongside alternative therapies and lifestyle modifications. The review also discusses the emerging understanding of the relationship between GERD and extra-esophageal manifestations, including respiratory and dental complications.