Stem Cell Therapy in Retinal Diseases: Advances, Challenges, and Future Perspectives

Retinal diseases like age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and retinitis pigmentosa are major causes of vision loss. Stem cell therapy offers a regenerative approach, utilizing embryonic, induced pluripotent, mesenchymal, and retinal progenitor cells for retinal repair. This review explores advancements in stem cell therapy, highlighting its potential to restore vision while addressing challenges like ethical concerns, immune rejection, and delivery issues. With promising clinical trials and innovations in gene editing and biomaterials, stem cell therapy is poised to transform retinal disease management.