Photovoltaic Hosting Capacity Assessment for Distribution Networks Based on Stackelberg Game Theory

A bi-level evaluation method for assessing the photovoltaic hosting capacity (PVHC) of distribution networks is proposed, considering the bidirectional electricity purchase and sale relationship between distribution network operators and production and consumption users (PCU). In the upper level, the objective is to maximize the annual revenue of the distribution network operator while minimizing the investment and operational costs of the PCUs. In the lower level, the distribution network operator, acting as the leader, engages in a Stackelberg game with the followers (i.e., the PCU). An electricity trading optimization model is developed, considering the safe operation of the distribution network. By optimizing electricity trading prices and coupling the purchase and sale decisions of the PCUs, a win-win situation is achieved, minimizing the operational cost of the network operator while maximizing the profit of the PCUs. Finally, the effectiveness and rationality of the proposed model are validated through a case study of a distribution network with three PCUs.