Functional and structural kidney alterations associated with fertility drug administration in rats

Fertility stimulants are medications used to enhance reproductive fertility in both men and women. Clomiphene citrate (Clomid), Duphaston, and Procreation V are commonly used fertility drugs. However, their prolonged use has been associatd with adverse effects, including histological and biochemical changes in the liver and kidney. This study aimed to evaluate renal changes in structure and function following infertility drug administration. Methods. Forty-two adult female rats were divided into seven groups, including a control group and six experimental groups receiving Clomid (50 mg), Duphaston (10 mg), or Procreation V (500 mg) for one or two months. Kidney function was assessed by measuring urea, creatinine, and uric acid levels in sera. Ion levels (potassium, sodium, and calcium) were also analyzed. Histopathological examinations were conducted to identify tissue injuries. Results Renal function markers (urea, creatinine, and uric acid) significantly increased in rats treated with Clomid and Duphaston for two months compared to controls (p < 0.05). Procreation V caused mild, non-significant changes. Ion analysis showed significant increases in potassium and sodium levels (p < 0.05), while calcium levels declined across all drug-treated groups. Histopathological findings revealed hemorrhage, necrosis, congestion, fibrosis, inflammation, and glomerular structural alterations, with more severe damage observed in Clomid and Duphaston groups following prolonged exposure. Conclusions. Prolonged use of Clomid and Duphaston leads to significant kidney function impairment and structural damage, while Procreation V showed milder effects. These findings suggest potential renal risks associated with long-term fertility drug use, necessitating caution in clinical applications.