Impact of COVID-19 on Organ Function in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Biochemical Analysis of Kidney, Liver, and Lipid Profiles

This study investigates the impact of COVID-19 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) on organ function, focusing on kidney and liver function and lipid metabolism. Chronic hyperglycemia in diabetes predisposes patients to a pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic state, exacerbating COVID-19-related complications. This cross-sectional study involved 400 participants divided into five groups: T2DM without COVID-19, T2DM patients recently recovered from COVID-19, T2DM patients three months post-COVID-19 recovery, COVID-19-recovered individuals without T2DM, and apparently healthy controls. Biochemical markers for kidney function (urea, creatinine, uric acid), liver function (AST, ALT, albumin), and lipid profile (total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL) were analyzed using enzymatic, colorimetric, and spectrophotometric methods. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) were also measured to assess glycemic control.The results revealed significant alterations in kidney function markers, particularly elevated urea (F = 49.4, p < 0.001) and creatinine (F = 89.1, p < 0.001) levels in T2DM patients recovering from COVID-19. Liver function markers showed increased AST (F = 142.2, p < 0.001) and ALT (F = 200.6, p < 0.001) levels with reduced albumin (F = 264.5, p < 0.001), indicating hepatic stress in this group. Dyslipidemia, characterized by elevated total cholesterol (F = 103.3, p < 0.001) and triglycerides (F = 69.5, p < 0.001) and reduced HDL (F = 47.8, p < 0.001), was prominent among T2DM participants recovering from COVID-19. Pearson’s correlation analysis demonstrated strong positive associations between fasting glucose levels and markers of kidney (urea: r = 0.352, p < 0.001; creatinine: r = 0.208, p < 0.001) and liver dysfunction (AST: r = 0.439, p < 0.001; ALT: r = 0.496, p < 0.001), as well as lipid abnormalities (total cholesterol: r = 0.172, p = 0.001; triglycerides: r = 0.321, p < 0.001). These findings highlight the compounded impact of COVID-19 and T2DM on organ function, emphasizing the need for vigilant monitoring and tailored management strategies for affected individuals. Understanding the biochemical interplay between these conditions is critical for mitigating long-term complications and improving outcomes in high-risk populations. This study underscores the importance of early detection and intervention to address the multifaceted effects of COVID-19 on individuals with T2DM.