Effects of Barium Chloride on Metallothioneins Induction and Biochemical and Histomorphological Changes in the Kidney of Adult Female Rats

Background: Heavy metal exposure usually causes harmful effects on the environment and human health.Objectives: This study investigates the toxic effects of barium chloride (BaCl 2 ) administered at graded doses to adult rats on kidney oxidative stress biomarkers and histological changes.Methods: Animals were divided into four groups with six animals in each group.The control group did not receive any treatment, while groups 2, 3, and 4 were exposed to barium at doses of 67, 150, and 300 parts per million for 3 weeks.After recording 24 h urine volumes, samples were collected and stored at -20 C for further analysis.At the end of the experimental period, plasma and kidney tissue were collected for biochemical and histological analysis. Results:The treatment of barium can induce nephrotoxicity as evidenced by a significant increase of malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), and advanced oxidation protein product (AOPP).A significant increase in kidney levels of total metallothioneins (MTs) was also observed.Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities, reduced glutathione, non-protein thiol, and vitamin C levels showed a significant decline.Plasma creatinine and urea levels showed a significant increase associated with a decrease in uric acid levels.Meanwhile, nephron-biochemical parameters were substantiated by histological examination, revealing disorganized kidney architecture. Conclusion:The results highlight significant health concerns regarding environmental barium exposure.