Negation and the Directions of the Exiles’ Liberation at the Period of the Abbasid Age between (334−656 H / 946−1285 AD)

This research explores the transformative shift in power dynamics during the Buyid and Seljuk periods (334–656 H / 946–1285 AD), with a particular focus on the evolution of pardon procedures. Prior to this era, the exclusive authority to grant amnesty rested with the Caliph, with only those sanctioned by him having the privilege. However, as the period progressed, a noteworthy change occurred. The Buyid and Seljuk princes and sultans, in addition to the Caliph, acquired the right to issue decisions related to pardon procedures. This shift played a crucial role in reshaping the mechanisms for granting pardons, gradually eroding the authority of the Caliph in favor of these emerging power-holders. The research employs a descriptive analysis method to thoroughly examine these nuanced changes, shedding light on the diminishing necessity of obtaining the Caliph’s approval for such decisions during this transformative period.