Economy, European Policies, and Citizens' Behavior: Managing Solid Waste as a Resource

The management of solid waste represents a critical component of global sustainability efforts, particularly in the context of environmental degradation and resource scarcity. This review explores the intricate relationship between economic strategies, European policy frameworks, and citizen behavior in solid waste management (SWM), highlighting their integration as a pathway to a circular economy. European Union (EU) directives, including the Waste Framework Directive and the Circular Economy Action Plan, have set ambitious targets for waste reduction, recycling, and resource recovery, serving as a global benchmark for sustainable practices. Economic mechanisms such as extended producer responsibility (EPR), pay-as-you-throw (PAYT) schemes, and landfill taxes incentivize waste reduction and foster innovation in resource recovery. Meanwhile, active citizen participation, shaped by awareness, socio-cultural factors, and access to infrastructure, is pivotal in ensuring the success of these initiatives. The paper examines case studies from across Europe, showcasing successful integration efforts while addressing challenges such as policy inconsistencies, infrastructure deficiencies, and socio-economic disparities. By emphasizing the interplay between economic, policy, and behavioral dimensions, this review underscores the need for a holistic approach to SWM. It concludes by highlighting opportunities for advancing sustainable practices through innovation, collaboration, and policy coherence, contributing to the transition toward a resilient and resource-efficient future.