CONTAMINATION IN PADDY SOILS AND RICE GRAINS FROM KELANTAN: ASSESSING RISKS TO FOOD SECURITY AND PUBLIC HEALTH

This study assesses lead (Pb) contamination in paddy soils and rice grains from two rice-growing regions in Kelantan, Malaysia: Kemuning and Kelaweh. By evaluating estimated daily intake (EDI) and target hazard quotient (THQ) values for Pb in adults and children, the study aims to quantify the health risks associated with rice consumption in these regions. The highest Pb concentrations were observed in the "Outlet" zones of Kelaweh, where the THQ for Pb in adults reached 69.3 and for children reached 37.9, indicating significant potential health risks. In contrast, Kemuning exhibited lower Pb contamination, though the "Outlet" zone still presented moderate risks, with THQ values of 11.4 for adults and 8.11 for children. The study underscores the need for immediate intervention through environmental management and sustainable agricultural practices to reduce Pb contamination, ensuring rice consumption's safety and protecting the region's public health. The findings of this study are intended to inform future public health interventions and agricultural practices to mitigate Pb contamination, ensuring that rice production remains safe and sustainable in the long term.