Exploring Knowledge and Awareness of Genetic Testing for Breast Cancer Risk in Iraqi Women

Background: Genetic testing plays a crucial role in identifying individuals at risk for hereditary breast cancer. However, substantial gaps in understanding genetic risk factors, including BRCA1/BRCA2 mutations, and key barriers such as high costs, limited access, and cultural stigma remain significant challenges in Iraq. These barriers hinder the adoption of genetic testing, particularly in low-resource settings. This study aims to evaluate the knowledge and awareness of genetic testing among Iraqi women in Baghdad, highlighting key barriers and their implications for healthcare delivery. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 520 Iraqi women in Baghdad using a structured self-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire assessed knowledge of genetic risk factors, awareness of genetic testing services, and perceived barriers to testing. The collected data were then subjected to analysis using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests to ascertain the associations between socio-demographic factors and the levels of knowledge and awareness. A p-Value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The study revealed moderate knowledge of genetic testing, with 280 respondents recognizing its role in identifying individuals at risk and 300 acknowledging the importance of genetic counseling. However, the study also revealed a lack of awareness regarding the significance of specific genetic mutations, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, with only 190 respondents reporting familiarity with these mutations. Furthermore, the study noted a general lack of awareness about available genetic testing services, with only 260 participants reporting knowledge of their availability and 200 aware of the availability of genetic counseling services. The analysis identified several key barriers to genetic testing and counseling, including perceived financial constraints (320 respondents), limited access to facilities (300 respondents), and societal stigma (240 respondents). Significant associations were identified between higher education level and urban residency, on the one hand, and better knowledge and awareness, on the other. Conclusion: The findings underscore the necessity for targeted educational programs, improved access to testing services, and culturally sensitive interventions to enhance the uptake of genetic testing in Iraq, ultimately contributing to early detection and prevention of breast cancer.