An Ethnopharmacological Review on the Antibacterial, Antifungal and Therapeutic Potentials of Acorus calamus Linn

Acorus calamus Linn. (Sweet Flag), a semiaquatic aromatic herb from the Araceae family, thrives in wetland and humid conditions, particularly in temperate and subtropical regions. Its rhizomes, used in traditional medicine, have been employed for centuries to treat ailments like swelling, constipation, fever and asthma. The plant's medicinal properties stem from its rich content of secondary metabolites, including glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, polyphenols and essential oils. These compounds contribute to its antibacterial, antifungal anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Asarone is the chief bioactive compound responsible for its antifungal properties because it interferes with the fungal cell wall synthesis and metabolic processes. Recent studies have emphasized the potential of Acorus calamus essential oils as a natural remedy for microbial infections, offering promising alternatives to synthetic drugs. With a broad spectrum of therapeutic effects, the plant holds great promise in modern drug development, particularly in combating drug-resistant infections. Despite its therapeutic potential, concerns regarding toxicity have emerged. The plant contains β-asarone, which, at high doses, may cause hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity. Prolonged use could also lead to gastrointestinal issues and potential carcinogenic effects. Therefore, further research is critical to assess the safety profile of Acorus calamus, determine safe dosages, and explore its full medicinal potential while mitigating toxicity risks.