Adaption and mitigation of drought and heat stress on wheat under changing climates

Wheat is Nepal's third most important crop, and is nutrient-dense, easy to store and transport and can be converted into a variety of ingredients. Nepal has the lowest cereal yield per hectare among the South Asian countries that export domestic crops to the region. Many physical, chemical and biological factors have a great impact on wheat. Drought and heat stress are the most significant physiological factors. Wheat yield in marginal rainfed condition has also been downregulated by 50-90% of their irrigated potential due to drought. To get high yields, both the seed and the field must be of excellent quality. Wheat production management, as well as the development of high yielding, disease resistance, climate adaptive, and location specific varieties should be focused to increase wheat output sustainability. Our review attempts to shed light on tolerance mechanisms, adaption strategies, and morphophysiological and molecular effects.