Historic record, current distribution and habitat selection of Chinese pangolin in Yangmingshan National Park, Taiwan

The Chinese pangolin ( Manis pentadactyla ), a critically endangered species experiencing global population decline, requires a clear understanding of its habitat preferences and distribution for effective conservation. This study examined the current population status, habitat use and selection of Chinese pangolins in Yangmingshan National Park, Taiwan. By comparing the distribution of pangolin burrows with historical records, we evaluated changes in their range within the park. We analyzed relationship between environmental factors and presence of pangolin’s burrow to identify the habitat preference. From June 2018 to November 2019, we recorded 707 pangolin burrows across more than 90% of the 94 surveyed grid cells. The consistent presence of pangolins in historically active areas suggests that their distribution within the park has remained largely stable. Habitat selection modeling indicated a preference of pangolin for Formosa acacia forests, areas with higher solar radiation, and lower elevations. While proximity to roads and human settlements did not significantly influence habitat selection, pangolins tended to avoid areas near hot springs which was associated with human disturbance such as recreational activity. Although we found that termite abundance was not significant different between sites with and without pangolin burrows, the sample size was limited. This research provides updated information of distribution of Chinese pangolins in the national park that can serve as baseline data for future population monitoring. The results offer critical insights into the ecological requirements to support broader conservation efforts aimed at ensuring the species' long-term survival in Taiwan.