Challenges and opportunities of hydrogen energy application in public transportation in the post-epidemic period

To study emission reduction strategies for public transportation in the post-pandemic era and accelerate dual carbon goals, this paper analyzes operational public transport enterprises (OPTE), new energy manufacturers, and the public using evolutionary game theory. Incorporating carbon trading and behavioural changes, non-economic factors are integrated into the model. Using Vensim 9.3.3 for simulations, we find that heightened social-ecological awareness accelerates decision-making stability (step length 1.375). Comprehensive energy adjustments (step length 5) and profit-oriented pricing (step length 7.275) quickly stabilize OPTE. Compared to the original model (step lengths: 3.125, 6, 4), incorporating non-economic factors changes these to (2.375, 5, 1.875), aligning the model closer to reality. Based on these findings, the following policy recommendations are proposed. OPTE should focus on hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (HFCV) technology, standardize and lighten vehicles, and create a new public transportation mode to cut costs and boost efficiency. For pricing, a profit-oriented approach is recommended to balance corporate and public costs, ensuring sustainable public transportation. The government should encourage new energy manufacturers to invest in public transportation R&D, promoting hydrogen and other clean energy. Public awareness of green travel should be heightened through publicity, education, and policy guidance to shift travel modes.