Enhancing sustainability of agricultural land use in Indonesia: Integrating water, energy, and food resources for achieving long-term development goals

Background: By 2050, the global population is expected to reach 9.7 billion, doubling the demand for food and water. Rapid urbanization has increased the demand for ecosystem services and led to significant land use changes, including deforestation and agricultural expansion. In Indonesia, the growth rate of 1.31% annually is not aligned with improvements in food security, highlighted by declines in rice harvests and productivity. The Sustainable Development Goals, particularly Goal 2, aim to end hunger and promote sustainable agriculture. Indonesia's policies, including laws and regulations to protect agricultural land and prevent conversion, face challenges in implementation due to inefficiencies and inadequate consideration of resource interconnections. Method: This study uses the DPSIR model to evaluate policies on sustainable agricultural land, revealing gaps in integrating water, energy, and food resources. Findings: The study identifies inefficiencies in policy implementation and inadequate consideration of resource interconnections, which hinder agricultural sustainability and food security. Conclusion: Recommendations include developing closed-loop systems to enhance agricultural sustainability and address environmental, social, and economic issues effectively. Novelty/Originality of this article: This study highlights policy gaps using the DPSIR model and proposes closed-loop systems as an integrated approach to sustainable agriculture.