Signatures of Floquet electronic steady states in graphene under continuous-wave mid-infrared irradiation
Light-induced phenomena in materials can exhibit exotic behavior that extends beyond equilibrium properties, offering new avenues for understanding and controlling electronic phases. So far, non-equilibrium phenomena in solids have been predominantly explored using femtosecond laser pulses, which generate transient, ultra-fast dynamics. Here, we investigate the steady non-equilibrium regime in graphene induced by a continuous-wave (CW) mid-infrared laser. Our transport measurements reveal signatures of a long-lived Floquet phase, where a non-equilibrium electronic population is stabilized by the interplay between coherent photoexcitation and incoherent phonon cooling. The observation of non-equilibrium steady states using CW lasers stimulates further investigations of low-temperature Floquet phenomena towards Floquet engineering of steady-state phases of matter.
Authors
- Luis E. F. Foa Torres (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6319-9593)
- Frederik Nathan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9700-0231)
- Paola Barbara (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4151-262X)
- Georg Gaertner
- A. V. Suslov (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2224-153X)
- Yijing Liu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0608-8344)
- Cyprian Lewandowski (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6944-9805)
- Nikolai G. Kalugin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3115-8615)
- John Huckabee
- Gil Refael (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4566-8441)
- Christopher Yang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9462-9074)
- Iliya Esin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2959-0617)
Institutions
- Florida State University (US)
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Bar-Ilan University (IL)
- Georgetown University (US)
- New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology (US)
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory (US)
- University of Chile (CL)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Nature Communications
- Published
- 2025-02-28
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-57335-2
- Citations
- 8
- Primary Topic
- Graphene research and applications
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 4.14
Funders
- National Science Foundation
- U.S. Department of Energy
- Florida State University
- Aspen Center for Physics
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory
- Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics
- Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo
- National Nuclear Security Administration
- Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative
- Institute for Quantum Information and Matter, California Institute of Technology
- Division of Materials Research
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Air Force Office of Scientific Research