Seismic vulnerability assessment of leaning U‐shaped masonry fence walls

Masonry fences that tilt or lean have been recognized as potential dangers during earthquakes, making it essential to investigate their structural durability and ability to withstand seismic occurrences. In this study, a leaning U‐shaped masonry fence wall structure is modeled by the reference of field surveys, and its seismic behavior is analyzed through dynamic shaking table tests as well as analytical approaches. The evolution of crack damage and changes in natural frequencies and hysteretic responses are analyzed to identify seismic behaviors of the leaning walls. As a result, the leaning causes asymmetric results between the side walls of the structure and introduces new concerns regarding seismic vulnerability. This study contributes to understanding the seismic characteristics and risks associated with leaning masonry fence walls, providing valuable insights for evaluating the hazards caused by leaning.