Sediment resuspension in muddy sediments enhances pyrite oxidation and carbon dioxide emissions in Kiel Bight

Abstract Sediment resuspension of blue carbon ecosystems (e.g., seagrass beds) and muddy sediments exposes buried particulate organic carbon to oxygenated waters and remineralization, potentially enhancing carbon dioxide fluxes. However, the kinetics of carbon degradation under oxic and anoxic conditions are poorly constrained. We report the results of incubation experiments with sediments from Kiel Bight to simulate sediment resuspension events induced by natural and anthropogenic resuspension in this area. A numerical model determined that oxic carbon remineralization rates were up to two-fold higher than those under anoxic conditions. A coupled sediment-water column model demonstrated that pyrite oxidation, rather than carbon oxidation, has the potential to induce large carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere following anthropogenic sediment disturbance by trawling. Upscaling to muddy areas of Kiel Bight suggests an annual emission of up to ~14 k tonnes of carbon dioxide per year. Pyrite oxidation may contribute to a weakening of the carbon shelf pump and a reduction of anthropogenic carbon dioxide uptake.