Design, simulation, and fabrication of high-gain microstrip patch antenna arrays for 28 GHz millimeter-wave 5G applications

Abstract This study focuses on the design, simulation, and fabrication of microstrip patch antenna arrays optimized for 28 GHz 5G applications. The work progresses from a single patch antenna to 1 × 2 and 4 × 1 patch arrays, showcasing significant performance improvements. Using CST simulations, the single patch antenna achieved a gain of 6.83 dB and a return loss of −26.2 dB. The 1 × 2 array further enhanced performance, reaching a gain of 11.1 dB and a return loss of −31 dB. The 4 × 1 array demonstrated superior performance with a gain of 13.8 dB and an exceptionally low return loss of −41.4 dB, making it well-suited for 5G applications requiring high gain, efficient impedance matching, and compact design.The methodology involved employing a Rogers RT5880 substrate and a microstrip line feeding technique, ensuring ease of fabrication and cost-effectiveness. A fabricated 1 × 2 array was tested using a Vector Network Analyzer, confirming close alignment with simulation results. Compared to prior studies, the proposed arrays address critical challenges such as achieving high performance while maintaining simplicity in design and fabrication. These results position the 4 × 1 array as a practical and efficient solution for next-generation mmWave communication systems.