Evaluation of Toxicity and Anticonvulsant Activities of Solanum torvum Sw., Fruits

Solanum torvum Swartz , a member of the Solanaceae family, is a significant medicinal plant that is found all over the world and is used in traditional medical systems to treat conditions like diabetes, high blood pressure, tooth decay, and reproductive issues. The study aimed to evaluate the anticonvulsant and neuroprotective effects of Solanum torvum fruit extract (STF) in rodent models and to assess its acute and subacute toxicity. Acute toxicity was assessed in Wistar rats at doses up to 4000 mg/kg, while subacute toxicity was evaluated over 30 days at doses of 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg. The anticonvulsant activity was evaluated using Maximal Electroshock (MES) and Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizure models at 200 and 400 mg/kg. The neurotransmitter levels (acetylcholine and dopamine) and oxidative stress markers (superoxide dismutase [SOD], catalase [CAT], and malondialdehyde [MDA]) levels in the brain were measured to explore their neuroprotective effects. The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of various bioactive compounds. Acute and subacute toxicity studies showed no adverse effects on body or organ weight, haematological parameters, or organ health, confirming safety. In the MES and PTZ models, STF demonstrated dose-dependent anticonvulsant effects, significantly reducing hind limb tonic extension (HLTE), hind limb tonic flexion (HLTF), jerking duration, and increased survival, achieving 100% protection at 400 mg/kg in the PTZ model. STF reduced Acetylcholine (Ach) levels and partially restored dopamine levels, counteracting neurochemical imbalances in the convulsion's pathophysiology. In addition, STF increased SOD and CAT levels and reduced MDA levels, proving its antioxidant potential. STF is observed as safe and exhibits significant anticonvulsant and neuroprotective properties, particularly at 400 mg/kg. Its ability to modulate neurotransmitters and reduce oxidative stress suggests its potential as an adjunctive therapy for convulsive disorders, warranting further exploration of its mechanisms and therapeutic applications.