Optimisation of Android-Based AI Application Using the Design Thinking Framework in Problem-Based Learning to Enhance Students' Problem-Solving Skills

Problem-solving skills are crucial in modern education and can be improved through Problem-Based Learning (PBL) and AI technology using the Design Thinking framework. This study explores the integration of Design Thinking into the curriculum to develop Android-based AI applications for PBL involving high school students and teachers. The novelty of this research lies in its systematic integration of AI with Design Thinking in a PBL setting, enhancing students' critical and creative thinking skills. Data were collected through interviews, observations, and documentation and analysed thematically to identify key insights. The results show that optimising AI applications with Design Thinking significantly enhances problem-solving skills. This study provides practical recommendations for educators and policymakers while identifying gaps, such as the need for adaptive learning pathways and further empirical validation, offering opportunities for future research in AI-driven PBL models.