Real-World Outcomes of Single-Inhaler Triple Therapy Prescribed by General Practitioners in Managing Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Systematic Literature Review

BACKGROUND: The benefits of triple therapy for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) have been established in two 52-week phase-3 randomized controlled trials. The current systematic literature review (SLR) appraised available evidence on the real-world outcomes of single-inhaler triple therapy (SITT) when prescribed by general practitioners (GPs).METHODS: Using the PICOS (Population, Intervention, Comparator, Study design) framework, a literature search was conducted to identify suitable studies for the review. PubMed and Embase databases were searched, and Rayyan was used to screen articles for inclusion. The study selection followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews andMeta-Analysis guidelines.RESULTS: 1,379 non-randomized clinical studies published between 2020 and 2024 were identified from the literature search. 1,367 articles were later excluded from the review (duplicates: n = 119; not eligible: n = 1,248), leaving 12 studies for inclusion. 10 studies were single-armed, while 2 were comparative. 7 studies were from Germany, 3 from the United Kingdom, and 1 each from France, Greece, and Belgium. The SITT combinations studied were beclomethasone dipropionate/formoterol fumarate/glycopyrronium bromide (n = 9) and fluticasone furoate/umeclidinium bromide/vilanterol (n = 3). One study did not specify this. One study reported on inhaler use, 8 on adherence, 2 on drug persistence, 5 on lung function, 3 on exacerbations, and 6 on health-related quality of life.CONCLUSIONS: We found evidence of possible benefits for SITT prescribed by GPs on real-world outcomes. Nevertheless, the evidence is limited in quantity and quality, and future real-world studies need to confirm our findings.