Using synthetic biology to understand the gut-brain axis

Extensive research supports a pivotal role for the "gut-brain axis"(i.e., the communication pathway between the bacteria in the gut and the brain) in brain health and disease. The interplay between the gut microbiota and the mammalian nervous system appears to shape both adaptive and dysfunctional neurological processes, as it directly affects neurons and neural signaling, the immune response, and metabolism via its effects on hormones, neuropeptides, and neurotransmitters. This review summarizes key findings from the recent literature focused on the interactions between neurons and gut bacteria. By focusing on synthetic biology tools currently employed to study the gut-brain axis, we can enhance our understanding of neuroactive substances released in the gut and potentially identify select molecular candidates that may facilitate the development of personalized therapies.