Understanding the clinical spectrum and etiological factors of acute kidney injury in patients at a tertiary care hospital, SSG Hospital, Vadodara: an observational study

Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) represents a significant burden on healthcare systems globally due to its high morbidity and mortality rates. Early identification and management are crucial to mitigate adverse outcomes and enhance patient prognosis. This study aimed to investigate the clinical spectrum and etiological factors contributing to AKI among patients at SSG Hospital, Vadodara. Methods: This observational study aimed to characterize the clinical presentation of AKI patients and explore the diverse etiologies contributing to AKI in a tertiary care setting. The study assessed demographic profiles, clinical symptoms, and prevalent etiological factors associated with AKI. Conducted from October 1st, 2023, to March 31st, 2024, it included 246 patients aged over 18 years admitted to the medicine ward and intensive care unit, excluding those with diabetic nephropathy or chronic kidney disease. Data collection involved detailed histories, clinical examinations, and application of KDIGO criteria for AKI diagnosis. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 11.5 software. Results: Among the 246 patients, 162 were male and 84 females, with a mean age of 50.6±18.00 years. Common symptoms included decreased urine output (60%), swelling (56%), and vomiting (34%). Principal etiologies were acute gastroenteritis (20%), snake bites (18.8%), infective causes (15.8%), and poisoning/drug-induced (15.2%). Significant associations were found between clinical features and etiological factors. Conclusions: This study offers insights into the clinical spectrum and diverse etiological factors contributing to AKI at SSG Hospital, Vadodara. Findings emphasize the need for early recognition and tailored management strategies based on prevalent regional etiologies. Further research is needed to validate these results and refine therapeutic approaches.