The Role of Integrated Multi-Energy Systems Toward Carbon-Neutral Ports: A Data-Driven Approach Using Empirical Data

Ports are critical hubs in the global supply chain, yet they face mounting challenges in achieving carbon neutrality. Port Integrated Multi-Energy Systems (PIMESs) offer a comprehensive solution by integrating renewable energy sources such as wind, photovoltaic (PV), hydrogen, and energy storage with traditional energy systems. This study examines the implementation of a real-word PIMES, showcasing its effectiveness in reducing energy consumption and emissions. The findings indicate that in 2024, the PIMES enabled a reduction of 1885 tons of CO2 emissions, with wind energy contributing 84% and PV 16% to the total decreases. The energy storage system achieved a charge–discharge efficiency of 99.15%, while the hydrogen production system demonstrated an efficiency of 63.34%, producing 503.87 Nm3/h of hydrogen. Despite these successes, challenges remain in optimizing renewable energy integration, expanding storage capacity, and advancing hydrogen technologies. This paper highlights practical strategies to enhance PIMESs’ performances, offering valuable insights for policymakers and port authorities aiming to balance energy efficiency and sustainability and providing a blueprint for carbon-neutral port development worldwide.