Evaluating the risk of Clostridioides difficile infection from toilet flushing: a quantitative microbial risk assessment and implications for infection control

The findings of this study necessitate a review of current toilet designs, public health policies and facility management practices to mitigate the overlooked risks of CDI transmission through toilet plume bioaerosols in healthcare settings. Additionally, this study lays a foundation for developing evidence-based interventions aimed at achieving substantial behavioural and infrastructural changes in infection control practices.