Optimizing Coverage and Connectivity with Energy-Efficient Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks

WSNs are a relatively young but promising area of research. Tiny, battery-powered gadgets with sensors, central processing units, and mobile connection components make up the separate nodes that comprise such networks. By carefully positioning themselves across an area, WSNs are able to identify and document changes in a wide range of environmental factors, including but not limited to temperature, light, stress, and vibrations. The collected data is sent to a computer system for further analysis and processing via wireless communication to an administrative gateway or base stations (BS). We need to overcome a lot of barriers before we can install and run WSNs successfully. Some instances of these challenges are a short battery lifespan, a limited communication range, and the need to assure data security. An essential factor to consider is the endurance of the batteries of nodes that sense since they are often located in uncomfortable and remote areas where it would be impractical to regularly replace or recharge them. The coverage area and the capability of the network to receive data from considerably nodes are both affected by the limitations of communication range. This paper proposes an Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol (EERP) designed specifically for heterogeneity WSNs with the goal of optimizing networks reach, communication, and energy consumption. In several respects, we showed in our calculations that the EERP is superior than the Threshold Sensitive Stable Election Protocol (TSEP) with having 100% results. In order to boost the transfer of packets to the base station, the EERP minimizes the total amount of active nodes, thus maximizing the area covered. Because of this, the EERP prolongs the life of the network far more than TSEP.