Antibiotic Over-prescribing in the Treatment of Pharyngitis Among Clinicians in Jamaica

Background: There are four clinical manifestations of anisakiasis caused by Anisakidae: gastric anisakiasis, intestinal anisakiasis, extra-gastric anisakiasis, and anisakis allergy.Of these, anisakis allergy is most dangerous, because not only live anisakis but also dead anisakis can cause life-threatening anaphylactic shock including dyspnea within minutes to hours.Therefore, identification of allergens and elucidation of immune responses in anisakis allergy are urgent.Objectives & Methods: In this study, to evaluate IgE responses specific for anisakis, we established a mouse anisakis model by infecting mice with live anisakis using a gastric tube after intraperitoneal immunization with excretory and secretory (ES) or crude antigens (CA) prepared from anisakis collected from mackerels along the pacific coast.Results & Conclusion: Unimmunized mice showed only a slight increase in specific IgE, whereas the immunized mice showed a marked increase in specific IgE after anisakis infection.This effect was stronger in mice immunized with ES than with CA.Furthermore, analysis of the gastric microbiota showed that more than 90% were Lactobacillus species in ES-immunized but not CAimmunized mice.We are currently conducting a comprehensive analysis of the detecting in the components of ES and CA using LC/MS, and are analyzing which components in ES increase Lactobacillus.