Comparative analysis of the public health impact of pentavalent and trivalent rotavirus vaccine in China

circulation of RVs in all subjects enrolled in virological surveillance of influenza in the Apulia region.Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on all specimens collected through routine influenza surveillance from the 2016/2017 to 2023/2024 seasons, which were screened by realtime PCR for influenza A/B, RSV A/B, adenovirus, enterovirus, parainfluenza viruses 1-4, metapneumovirus, bocavirus, rhinovirus, and human coronavirus (NL63, 229E, and OC43) and from the 2020/2021 season for SARS-CoV-2.Demographic data were analyzed with STATA-14.0.Results: During the study period, 2,627 samples were analyzed.Among the enrolled subjects, 52.2% were male.The median age was 36 years (IQR:11-56).The positivity rate for at least one of the viruses tested was 65.1%.Viral coinfections were identified in 10.3% of the samples.The seasons with the highest rate of positivity for respiratory viruses were 2017/2018 and 2021/2022 (71.1% and 72.4%, respectively).The peak of RV infections was registered in January, with the exception of the 2021/2022 season (March-April).Detection of RVs was highest in children < 5 years old (OR:4.0,95%CI:3.62-9.46,p < 0.01), with adenovirus, enterovirus, RSV and bocavirus among the viruses with the highest probability of detection.Patients aged 65 years were mainly affected by IVs and rhinoviruses, although adenoviruses and IVs were statistically less likely to be detected than the other age groups (OR:0.32,95%CI:0.11-0.89,p < 0.05; OR:0.58, 95%CI:0.46-0.72,p < 0.05).The average annual positivity rate for IVs was significantly higher in pre-pandemic years (2016/2017-2019/2020) than in post-pandemic years (2021/2022-2023/2024), 45.0% and 32.3% (p < 0.01), respectively.Discussion: The highest rate of RVs positivity was recorded in the 2021/2022 season after the COVID-19 pandemic, with a postponed peak, reflecting the use of nonpharmacological interventions.According to other studies, RVs were more likely to be detected in the under-5 age group.The higher prevalence of comorbidity in individuals aged 65 years, at a higher risk of developing a bacterial respiratory infection, may explain the lower rate of positivity for a viral infection in this age group. Conclusion:The study suggests extending virological surveillance to non-IVs for a better comprehension of the etiology of ILIs.In addition, the case definition of ILI may not be as accurate as that of acute respiratory infections in individuals > 5 years when applied to non-IVs.Therefore, the case definition should be modified for surveillance purposes.