A comparative analysis of the impact of climate change on emergence of infectious diseases and outbreaks in remote areas of Sindh, Pakistan

were large heterogeneities in dengue transmission intensity across locations in Ghana, with a higher average yearly FOI in Tamale at 7.1% (95% CrI 5.6-9.6%)]compared to Accra at 2.6% (95% CrI 2.1-3.3%) and Kumasi at 0.5% (95% CrI 0.1-0.8%) .Based on these results, we estimated that 43%, 11%, and 70% of the Accra, Kumasi, and Tamale populations, respectively, had been exposed to dengue virus.Notably, we found that the integration of the IgG ELISA-2 and PRNT test generated consistent estimates to those obtained with the IgG ELISA-1 test across locations. Conclusion:This three-country seroprevalence study provides evidence that dengue has been circulating at different levels across Ghana, DRC, and Senegal and highlights the large heterogeneity in population immunity and transmission across regions.Dengue surveillance needs to be strengthened in these countries and across Africa to monitor transmission and respond to future outbreaks.