Iridium oxide-based biosensors: A novel method for ESBL detection and quantification

man infections.Invasive mosquitoes like Aedes koreicus and Aedes albopictus increase the threat by successfully spreading diseases across Europe.They have been under continuous monitoring in Hungary since their emergence.Our aim in this study was to monitor Dirofilaria infection in the mosquito community in the area identified as a focus of human infections.Besides, we aimed to understand the relationship between mosquito infestation, seasonality and species.Methods: Mosquitoes were collected in 2022 and 2023 from May to October in Pcs, a city in southwestern Hungary.After trapping (on both urban and suburban points including an animal shelter) and identification the samples were tested by real-time PCR for Filaria screening.Positive pools were further examined with conventional PCR, gel electrophoresis, followed by Sanger sequencing to identify Filaria species.Results: We processed 4084 specimens in 808 pools of mosquitoes, including native species and also invasive Ae. koreicus and Ae.albopictus.As a result, a total of 29 pools tested positive for Filaria spp.collected from both urban and suburban sites.The majority of positive samples in 2022 and 2023 are from the June-July period.Filaria spp.were detected in several species belonging to genera Aedes, Ochlerotatus, Culex, Coquillettidia, Anopheles.The majority of positive pools contained individuals of Aedes vexans and Culex pipiens, in addition to one case of Ae. koreicus.Our results so far have confirmed 5 cases of D.repens (mostly Ae.vexans) and one case of D.immitis (Cx.pipiens), while the rest of the positive samples were infected with Setaria tundra.Discussion: Our results confirm the seasonality of Filaria infection observed so far, which is consistent with the seasonality and phenology of mosquitoes.In light of our results, we have not found a clear correlation between the spread of Aedes invasive species and Dirofilaria infestation of mosquitoes.The 2022 dry season may impact negatively the mosquito activity and pathogen ecology, potentially affecting the presence of Filaria spp. in mosquitoes in 2023.However, the results highlight the presence of S.tundra in the vicinity of human cases, since it mainly infects wildlife its human relevance is less known thus it is important to draw attention to it. Conclusion:In our study, we investigated the prevalence of Filaria spp., mainly Dirofilaria repens and Dirofilaria immitis, which are emerging zoonotic pathogens and are responsible for an increasing number of human cases.The relationship between the distribution of Aedes invasive and native mosquito species and the prevalence of Filaria spp.has not yet been fully explored, thus we plan to extend our work with further surveillance and also investigate the circumstances of the human cases.