Surveillance Analysis of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) in Pakistan (2013-2023)

Introduction: Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) remains a significant public health concern in Pakistan. This study conducts a comprehensive 10-year surveillance analysis (2013-2023) of CCHF cases in the country to understand the trends, geographical patterns, and demographic characteristics associated with the disease. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted using data collected from national health records, laboratory reports, and epidemiological databases spanning the years 2013 to 2023. The data were analyzed for trends over time, regional distribution, age and gender disparities, and seasonal variations in reported CCHF cases. Statistical tools and geographical information systems (GIS) mapping were employed to visualize and interpret the data. Results: Over the 10 years, a total of 380 confirmed cases of CCHF were reported in Pakistan with a 25% fatality rate. The analysis revealed a fluctuating trend, with periodic spikes correlating with specific seasons. Geographically, certain regions, particularly Balochistan, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, rural areas consistently reported higher incidences. Demographically, the disease affected individuals across a wide age range, with a very higher prevalence among males. Moreover, a seasonal pattern emerged, with a noticeable increase in cases during summers suggesting a potential link with environmental factors and vector abundance. Discussion: The 10-year surveillance analysis of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) in Pakistan provides valuable insights into the epidemiological trends and patterns of the disease. The study identifies fluctuating trends with periodic spikes, particularly in regions like Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and during specific seasons, notably summers. These findings emphasize the importance of targeted interventions, including improved surveillance, public awareness campaigns, and vector control measures, to mitigate the burden of CCHF. By understanding the demographic characteristics and geographical distribution of CCHF cases, policymakers and public health authorities can develop evidence-based strategies to effectively combat the disease and reduce its impact on public health in Pakistan. Conclusion: This 10-year surveillance analysis sheds light on the epidemiological patterns of CCHF in Pakistan. The findings underscore the need for targeted interventions, especially in high-incidence regions and during specific seasons. Improved surveillance strategies, public awareness campaigns, and vector control measures are crucial to reducing the burden of CCHF. This study provides valuable insights for policymakers and public health authorities, aiding in the development of evidence-based strategies to mitigate the impact of CCHF in Pakistan.