Autism: An Interdisciplinary Analysis From Neuroscience

Autism, since its initial descriptions by Leo Kanner and Hans Asperger in the 1940s, has shifted from a pathological framework to a neurodiversity paradigm that recognizes neurological differences as part of human variability. This essay examines the epistemological and neuroscientific foundations of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), exploring theories such as the theory of mind, mirror neurons, and linguistic polysemy, which challenge traditional notions of "normality." Neuroscience highlights atypical brain connectivity, while phenomenology addresses divergent consciousness in autism, emphasizing unique subjective experiences. Ethical and social challenges, including educational inclusion and Rawlsian justice, are analyzed to ensure rights and dignity in inclusive environments. Contemporary research suggests autistic traits exist on a broad spectrum within the general population, challenging categorical diagnoses and promoting support models focused on understanding rather than correction. The essay concludes by advocating for redefining normality, prioritizing acceptance of neurological diversity as integral to human identity.